Monthly Archives: June 2013

Outside the Church, there is no salvation

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church_16a_smallHere’s an interesting article entitled “Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus” by Rick Appleton – original source Extra ecclesiam nulla salus, means, “Outside the Church there is no ?salvation”. It refers to the Christian belief that the Church is essential to God’s plan of ?salvation. It sounds Roman Catholic. It is catholic (i.e. universal), but not Roman Catholic. In ?fact, this doctrine preceded, survived, and continued after the papal captivity of the Church, ?making it a truly universal doctrine.
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Consider the following examples.
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Cyprian (d. 258) the bishop of Carthage and early church father said it this way, “There is no ?salvation out of the Church”.[1]? ? Cyprian also said, “He can no longer have God for his Father, ?who has not the Church for his mother”.[2]? ? He found an analogy for the Church in Noah’s ark, ?saying, “If anyone could escape who was outside the ark of Noah; then he also may escape ?who shall be outside of the Church”.[3]
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Martin Luther (1483-1546) taught that the Church was, “the company of believing people,” ?who, “have Christ in their midst”. For Luther the connection between Christ and the Church ?was so close that he was able to say, “Outside of the Christian Church there is no truth, no ?Christ, no salvation”. [4] ?

John Calvin (1509-1564) wrote, “Beyond the pale of the Church no forgiveness of sins, no ?salvation, can be hoped for”.[5] Like Cyprian, and Luther, Calvin saw a necessary connection ?between Christians and the Church. He built upon Cyprian’s concept of Christians as children ?with the Church as their mother, saying, “What God has thus joined, let not man put ?asunder: to those to whom he is a Father, the Church must also be a mother”.[6]? ?
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The Belgic Confession (1561)?[7] ?agrees with Cyprian, Luther, and Calvin. Speaking of the ?Church, it says, “Out of it there is no salvation” (28).
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The Second Helvetic Confession (1566)[8] ? likewise asserts, “None can live before God, which do ?not communicate with the true Church of God” (17.11). It too finds an analogy in Noah’s ark,
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As there was no salvation outside Noah’s ark when the world perished in flood; so we ?believe that there is no certain salvation outside Christ, who offers himself to be ?enjoyed by the elect in the Church; and hence we teach that those who wish to live ?ought not to be separated from the true Church of Christ (17.11).
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The Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), in agreement with centuries of Christian ?teaching, says, ?
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The visible Church, which is also catholic or universal under the Gospel (not confined ?to ?one nation, as before under the law), consists of all those throughout the world that ?profess the true religion; and of their children: and is the kingdom of the Lord Jesus ?Christ, the house and family of God, out of which there is no ordinary possibility of ? salvation (25.2).
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Note that the Westminster Confession adds two important clarifications. First, the Christian ?Church is not restricted to a particular location or denomination. It is universal, consisting of ?all Christians throughout the world. Second, by adding the modifier, “ordinary”, the ?Confession allows for the exceptional possibility of salvation outside the Church. Salvation is ?ultimately the work of God almighty, and He is free, if He so chooses, to save apart from the ?Church. Yet, such would be an exception to the rule, a truly extraordinary occurrence. ?Though we admit that God can save apart from the Church, we have no confidence to assert ?that He will save apart from the Church. ?

The preceding quotes summarize a universal, historic, Christian belief. The Church is ?essential to God’s plan of salvation. The Church is not the savior of mankind, but it is the ?society in which God saves men. So much so, that we do not expect the salvation of those ?outside of it. But why do Christians believe this? The answer is: the means of grace. We ?know that salvation is by grace. And we know that grace is communicated by means. But we ?also know that the means of grace are given to the Church. And that outside the Church ?there is no access to the means of grace. We understand that without access to the means of ?grace, there is no access to grace. And without access to grace, there is no hope of salvation. ?Therefore, we conclude that outside the church there is no ordinary hope for salvation. In ?principle, it is the recognition of God’s practice of using means to accomplish His ends and ?entrusting those means to His people. While we recognize that God is free to work apart ?from the Church and without means, we also recognize that He has most often chosen to ?work in the Church and through means.
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The following examples illustrate God’s work in the Church through means.

Even before the fall, God gave man a covenant, promising him life on the condition of ?obedience (Gen. 2:17). It was a gracious provision from the Creator to the creature, to be ?sure. But notice that the promise, eternal life, was not granted to Adam immediately, that ?is, apart from means. It was mediated to Adam by the tree of life (Gen. 3:22-23). ?

God saved Noah from his wicked generation, and from the cleansing waters of the flood. But ?God did not save Noah apart from means. The LORD provided Noah’s salvation through ?means of the ark (Genesis 6-8). After rescuing Noah from the flood, God established His ?covenant with Noah, and even provided Noah with a visible sign to seal His promise (Genesis ??9:8-17). Noah and his family were saved in the ark. The rest of the world, outside of the ark, ?perished. God does not need a rainbow to remember His promise. But we do. And He tells ?us that when He sees it, He will remember His promise. ?

When God made His covenant with Abraham, He also gave Abraham the sign of circumcision ?as a seal of His promise (Genesis 17:10-11; c.f. Romans 4:11). God mediated the grace of His ?promise to Abraham, and generation after generation of Abraham’s descendants through ?the means of circumcision. The rest of the world did not receive that promise. ?
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When Abimelech inadvertently threatened God’s promise to Abraham (Genesis 20), the ?judgment of God fell upon him. God graciously decided to spare Abimelech, but only by ?means of Abraham’s prayer for Abimelech. God did not tell Abimelech to pray for himself. ?He told Abimelech that Abraham, a prophet (20:7), would pray for him. ?

When Israel raised their voices against God, He sent serpents which bit and killed many of ?them. Coming to their senses, they asked Moses to pray to the LORD for them. Moses prayed ?and God provided a means of salvation, the bronze serpent, telling them to look upon it and ?live (Numbers 21:5-9). There was no healing power in the bronze serpent, except God’s ?promise, “anyone who is bitten and looks upon it shall live” (21:8). ?
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God chose David to be His king over Israel, and sent His prophet, Samuel to anoint David (1 ?Samuel 16:1-23). When Samuel anointed David with oil, the Spirit of the LORD came upon ?him (16:13). The Holy Spirit does not live in a horn of oil, nor did He need Samuel to carry ?Him from Ramah to Bethlehem, but He did manifest His work by means of Samuel’s ?ministering. ?

In the New Testament, God’s Church expanded from a single nation to a worldwide ?kingdom, but His practice of mediating His grace through means and administering those ?means in His Church continued. We see the pattern continue in the book of Acts. God adds ?to the Church those who are being saved (Acts 2:47), because the Church is essential to ?God’s plan of salvation. It is the society in which He saves people. It is the earthly mother to ?His heavenly children. As the Westminster Confession says, “Unto this catholic visible Church ?Christ hath given the ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God, for the gathering and ?perfecting of the saints…” (25.3). Christ has given His Church two very important tasks: ?gathering and perfecting His saints. He has also equipped His Church with the means to ?complete those tasks, namely the means of grace. Next time, God willing, we will define and ?discuss the Church’s means of grace. ?

Before we close, let us consider some implications that follow from what has been said so ?far.

First, since the Church is the only institution in the world to which Christ has given the ?means by which men are saved; it follows that the Church bears a tremendous responsibility ?in the administration of those means. The apostle’s question is fitting here, “How shall they ?believe in him of whom they have not heard?”(Romans 10:14). On the other hand, since the ?Church is the only institution to which Christ has given the means by which men are saved; it ?follows that the Church can offer men something that no other institution in the world can ?offer them. ?

Second, since the Church is God’s appointed sphere of salvation; it follows that Christians ?have the responsibility to join themselves to the Church, and to make “diligent use of all the ?outward means whereby Christ communicates to us the benefits of redemption”.[9] Jesus ?taught us that if a brother will not listen to the Church, he is to be regarded as a heathen ??(Matthew 18:17). How much more is this true of a stranger who refuses the fellowship of the ?Church? ?

Endnotes:

1.Cyprian, Epistle 72,21 [?]
2.Cyprian, On the Unity of the Church,6 [?]
1.Ibid. [?]
2.Martin Luther, Sermon for the Early Christmas Service; Luke 2:15-20, Wartburg Church, 1522 [?]
3.John Calvin, The Institutes of the Christian Religion, 4.1.4 [?]
4.Calvin, Institutes, 4.1.1 [?]
5.The Belgic Confession was written by Guido de Bres (1522-1567), a student of Calvin. The Confession, along with the Canons of Dort, and the Heidelberg Catechism, is part of the Three Forms of Unity, the subordinate standards of Continental Reformed churches. [?]
6.The Second Helvetic Confession was written by Heinrich Bullinger (1504 -1575) successor to Ulrich Zwingli. It was adopted by the Swiss churches and several others throughout Europe. [?]
7.The Westminster Shorter Catechism, Question 85 [?]

(Rick Appleton is a deacon, and a candidate for ministry in the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). He is ?currently pursuing a Master of Divinity at Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, and holds a ?Bachelor of Christian Ministry from Crown College. He lives in Georgia with his wife and two children.)

Miscellaneous Quotes (80)

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quotes“…the weakest faith gets the same strong Christ as does the strongest faith.” – Sinclair Ferguson

“If God had perceived that our greatest need was economic, He would have sent an economist.

If he had perceived that our greatest need was entertainment, he would have sent us a comedian or an artist.

If God had perceived that our greatest need was political stability, he would have sent us a politician.

If he had perceived that our greatest need was health, he would have sent us a doctor.

But he perceived that our greatest need involved our sin, our alienation from him, our profound rebellion, our death, and he sent us a Savior.” – D. A. Carson, A Call to Spiritual Reformation: Priorities from Paul and His Prayers (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992), 109.

“There is mercy for a sinner, but there is no mercy for the man who will not own himself a sinner.” – C.H. Spurgeon

“The plan of redemption was an eternal plan of God, and which plan and which design was perfectly conceived and perfectly executed.” – R.C. Sproul

“Jesus is both Lord (Master) and Savior you cannot separate the two. That would be like me showing up at your house and you saying Steve can come in, but keep Lawson outside.” – Steve Lawson

“Magicians claim to bring us something from nothing. Darwinists claim to bring us everything from nothing.” – Dr. R. C. Sproul, Jr.

“The only thing of our very own which we contribute to our salvation is the sin which makes it necessary.” – William Temple

“If his first coming does not give you eternal life, his second coming will not. If you do not hide in his wounds when he comes as your Savior, there will be no hiding place for you when he comes as your Judge.” C. H. Spurgeon

“When the devil accuses us and says, ‘You are a sinner and therefore damned,’ we should answer, ‘Because you say I am a sinner, I will be righteous and saved.’ ‘No,’ says the devil, ‘you will be damned.’ And I reply, ‘No, for I fly to Christ, who gave himself for my sins. Satan, you will not prevail against me when you try to terrify me by setting forth the greatness of my sins and try to bring me into heaviness, distrust, despair, hatred, contempt and blasphemy against God. On the contrary, when you say I am a sinner, you give me armor and weapons against yourself, so that with your own sword I may cut your throat and tread you under my feet, for Christ died for sinners. . . . As often as you object that I am a sinner, so often you remind me of the benefit of Christ my Redeemer, on whose shoulders, and not on mine, lie all my sins. So when you say I am a sinner, you do not terrify me but comfort me immeasurably.’” – Martin Luther, commenting on Galatians 1:4, “. . . the Lord Jesus Christ, who gave himself for our sins.”

Compatibilism

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What is compatibilism?

they believe, they disobey, they respond, and there is moral significance in their choices; but human responsibility never functions in Scripture to diminish God’s sovereignty or to make God absolutely contingent.
Carson right argues that “We tend to use one to diminish the other; we tend to emphasize one at the expense of the other. But responsible reading of the Scripture prohibits such reductionism.”

“Hundreds of passages,” he suggests, “could be explored to demonstrate that the Bible assumes both that God is sovereign and that people are responsible for their actions. As hard as it is for many people in the Western world to come to terms with both truths at the same time, it takes a great deal of interpretative ingenuity to argue that the Bible does not support them.”

Carson briefly works through a number of representative passages: Genesis 50:19-20; Leviticus 20:7-8; 1 Kings 11:11-13, 29-39; 12:1-15 (cf. 2 Kings 10:15; 11:4) 2 Samuel 24; Isaiah 10:5-19; John 6:37-40; Philippians 2:12-13; Acts 18:9-10; and Acts 4:23-30. I’d encourage readers to study each passage in context and see if they comport with Carson’s two statements above.

After looking at Acts 4:23-30, Carson makes this telling comment:

Christians who may deny compatibilism on front after front become compatibilists (knowing or otherwise) when they think about the cross. There is no alternative, except to deny the faith. And if we are prepared to be compatibilists when we think about the cross—that is, to accept both of the propositions I set out at the head of this chapter as true, as they are applied to the cross—it is only a very small step to understanding that compatibilism is taught or presupposed everywhere in the Bible.

Elsewhere he writes, “At Calvary, all Christians have to concede the truth of these two statements [above], or they give up their claim to be Christians.”

I especially appreciate Carson’s conclusion as he locates the deepest foundation of compatibilism:

So I am driven to see not only that compatibilism is itself taught in the Bible, but that it is tied to the very nature of God; and on the other hand, I am driven to see that my ignorance about many aspects of God’s nature is precisely that same ignorance that instructs me not to follow the whims of many contemporary philosophers and deny that compatibilism is possible. The mystery of providence is in the first instance not located in debates about decrees, free will, the place of Satan, and the like. It is located in the doctrine of God.

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Carson’s popular-level writings on compatibilism can be found in chapter 9 (“A Sovereign and Personal God”) of A Call to Spiritual Reformation: Priorities from Paul and His Prayers (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992), 145-66; and chapter 11 “(The Mystery of Providence”) of How Long, O Lord? Reflections on Suffering and Evil (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990), 199-228. For a more technical treatment (based on his doctoral dissertation), see Carson’s Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility: Biblical Perspective in Tension.

For more technical discussions on the philosophical nature of freedom and responsibility, see the chapters in John Feinberg’s No One Like Him. Among the best things I’ve read—accessible but philosophically informed—are the relevant chapters in John Frame’s The Doctrine of God.

For a brief overview of passages on God’s absolute sovereignty, see this post.