Did the Holy Spirit Indwell Old Testament Believers?

Dr. David Murray, is the Professor of Old Testament and Practical Theology at Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary. He lives in Grand Rapids with his wife, Shona, and four children.

I found the following articles by Dr. Murray to be very helpful concerning the question “did the Holy Spirit indwell believers in Old Testament times?” He wrote four short articles on this theme and I will put them all together here. That makes this a lengthy post, but I think its best to have all the information in the one place. You can find the original articles at his blog site here.

Did the Holy Spirit indwell OT believers? By David Murray

A huge amount of ink and electrons have been devoted to answering that question. Personally, I can’t understand why this is deemed such a complex issue. It all really depends on our answer to this simple question: Were Old Testament believers believers?

If the Old Testament believers were real believers, the Holy Spirit indwelt them. No one can be born again, believe, or repent without the inward work of the Holy Spirit. And no one can stay a believer for one second without the ongoing internal work of the Holy Spirit – neither in the OT nor the NT. Without the Holy Spirit constantly in and at work in our hearts, we will immediately apostatize.

So, here are the options:

1. Old Testament “believers” were not real believers.

2. Old Testament “believers” believed by the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit but kept believing without the indwelling work of the Holy Spirit.

3. Old Testament believers, like New Testament believers, believed and kept on believing as a result of the Holy Spirit’s initial and ongoing indwelling work in their hearts.

If #1 is true, then the Bible is not true (Jn. 8:56; Heb 11).

If #2 is true, then Old Testament believers were not as depraved as we are, as they did not need the ongoing indwelling work of the Holy Spirit. (And in some ways, this debate really is a debate about the nature of human depravity in the Old Testament. Could anything less or other than the indwelling of the Holy Spirit keep a believer believing, repenting, hoping, obeying, etc?)

If #3 is true, then the question that’s left is: “In what ways did the indwelling work of the Holy Spirit differ in the Old Testament compared to the New, especially post-Pentecost?” Everyone accepts there was a difference. But what was it?

That’s a question I’ll return to in coming days (there are some difficult texts to deal with that seem to contradict #3), but in the meantime let the weight, significance, and consequences of the three options clarify our thoughts.

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A word for my fellow Christian patriots

I came across these words just now, written by a retired pastor and author, Dean Davis. Every word he writes resonates very deeply in my own heart also, and so I share these words with you in the hope that they will be used to lift and encourage your precious soul this day. – Pastor John Samson

A word for my fellow Christian patriots:

Years ago, a great preacher delivered a sermon entitled The Power of an Alternate Affection. He drew his inspiration from a ride home on his horse. Throughout the first half of the journey he had to fight the horse, which wanted to go back. But during the second half, he had to fight the horse from racing ahead, so badly did it want to get home. The horse experienced a change in affection, and with that, a fresh power to run towards its new goal.

The preacher’s point was that the miracle of the New Birth creates a new and powerful affection: an affection for God, Christ, and the things above. No longer is the Christian inclined to run towards the world, the flesh, and the devil. Now he is racing towards the Kingdom of God.

On this most consequential morning (Jan. 6) I want to draw upon this sermon to speak to the hearts of Christian patriots here in America. Like you, I have a deep love for the old America, which, per the Declaration and the Constitution, enshrined as supreme the value of faith and ordered liberty in the religious, economic, and political spheres, under the laws of nature and nature’s God. While (apart from what is revealed in Scripture) we can never know for sure what the future holds, God does enable us to see trouble coming (Pr. 27:12). The events of 2020 convince me that trouble is coming, and that the America I knew and loved may well be gone forever.

And so, with a humble submission to the Sovereign Lord who alone knows the future, I want to encourage you with this word: In days ahead it may well be necessary for us to ask the Lord to produce in us a deep change of affection. We will, of course, always love the old America, as President Trump and many other great patriots still do. But it seems likely to me that that America is gone forever.

I hope I am wrong. But if I am not, I see only one solution, one path to soundness of mind and a steady, ongoing experience of the love, hope, and joy for which we were created. We shall have to transfer much of our affection for our earthly homeland to our heavenly. We shall have to set our minds–and our affections–on things above (Col. 3:1f). As never before, we shall have to attach our love and loyalty to a City and a Nation whose architect and builder is God (Heb. 11:10).

During his days on earth, the Lord Jesus depicted his Church as a City set upon a hill, and as the Light of the World. As the new America collapses still more fully into the darkness and chaos of the World-System, multitudes of frightened souls will be looking for truth, order, stability, security, peace, joy, hope, and love. As they look, they will need to see the Church at her very best, as a bright and shining City settled on a heavenly mountain high above the dark valleys and dangerous roads below. But for that to happen, you and I as individuals will have to experience, as never before, the power of alternate affection: an affection for the City and Homeland of God, and for their King.

I cannot imagine ever losing my love for the old America. But what I can see, and what helps me in this time of deep loss and sorrow, is that all that was good, and true, and beautiful in the old America was actually on loan to us from the Homeland above; and that we have it in spades forever, with no possibility of loss, when we are safe and sound in Jesus Christ.

In the months and years ahead I will be asking the Lord to help me experience the power of an alternate affection, so that I am not overwhelmed by sorrow and anger at the loss of my earthly country, but filled with the hope, joy, and love that so abundantly fills the City of God. In the power of those affections I will still fight to preserve the old America, but will do so as never before with my hope and affections set upon the New.

Please pray for me as I do, as I shall for you.

Love and Blessings to you all in 2021.

Dean Davis

Does Christology Matter?

Article by Dr. Sinclair Ferguson – original source: https://www.ligonier.org/blog/does-christology-matter/

“We all unanimously teach that our Lord Jesus Christ is to us one and the same Son, the self-same perfect in Godhead, the self-same perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man … acknowledged in two natures, unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably … the properties of each nature being preserved.”

So wrote the church fathers in the Definition of Chalcedon in AD 451. But even if they spoke “unanimously,” their doctrine of Christ sounds so complex. Does it really matter?

Given the sacrifices they made to describe Christ rightly, one can imagine that if these Christians were present at a group Bible study on Philippians 2:5-11, they might well say to us, “From what we have heard, it never mattered more.”

Imagine the discussion on “Though he was in the form of God … emptied himself” (Phil. 2:6-7, RSV). Says one: “It means Jesus became a man for a time and then went back to being God afterwards.” “No,” says another, “He only emptied himself of His divine attributes and then He took them up again.” “Surely,” says another (not pausing to reflect on the miracles of Moses, Elijah, or the Apostles), “He mixed humanity with His deity—isn’t that how He was able to do miracles?”

Does it really matter if those views are wrong, indeed heretical, so long as we know that Jesus saves and we witness to others about Him? After all, the important thing is that we preach the gospel.

But that is precisely the point—Jesus Christ Himself is the gospel. Like loose threads in a tapestry—pull on any of these views, and the entire gospel will unravel. If the Christ we trust and preach is not qualified to save us, we have a false Christ.

Reflect for a moment on the descriptions of Christ above. If at any point He ceased to be all that He is as God, the cosmos would disintegrate—for He is the One who upholds the universe by the word of His power (Heb. 1:3). If He were a mixture of deity and humanity, then He would not be truly or fully human, and therefore would no longer be one of us and able to act as our representative and substitute. He could neither save sinners nor succor saints. This is why Hebrews emphasizes that Christ possesses a humanity identical to ours, apart from sin. No mixing or confusing here.

Most of us are sticklers for clearly describing anything we love, be it science, computing, sports, business, or family life. Should we be indifferent to how we think and speak about our Savior and Lord?

This is why the church fathers, and later the Westminster divines, stressed that God’s Son ever remained “of one substance, and equal with the Father” and yet, in the incarnation, took “upon him man’s nature, with all the essential properties and infirmities thereof, yet without sin… . So that two whole, perfect, and distinct natures, the Godhead and the manhood, were inseparably joined together in one person, without conversion, composition, or confusion” (WCF 8.2).

What makes this statement so impressive is that it safeguards the mystery of the incarnation while carefully describing its reality. The Son’s two natures are not united to each other, but they are united in His one person. So in everything He did, He acted appropriately in terms of His deity or His humanity, one divine person exercising the powers of each nature in its own proper sphere.

This, then, underscores the value of the church’s creeds. They were written by men who had thought more deeply and often suffered more grievously than we do. They spoke out of a deep love for Christ and His people, concerned for a lost world. Their testimony helps us in three ways:

  1. It protects us by setting boundaries for our thinking.
  2. It instructs us by helping us see biblical truth expressed in its briefest form.
  3. It unites us, so that everywhere in the world, Christians can share the same clear confession of who Christ is and what He has done.

Does it really matter? In light of the sacrifices our forefathers made in order to articulate the grandeur of the person of our Savior and what Christ had to be in order to save us, you bet it matters.

The Testimony of A Great Cloud Of Witnesses

In Hebrews chapter 11 we read of a great cloud of witnesses – men and women of faith who, like witnesses in a courtroom, can testify personally of the faithfulness of God in their generation. Just a small section of the chapter reads this way:

Heb. 11:29 By faith the people crossed the Red Sea as on dry land, but the Egyptians, when they attempted to do the same, were drowned. 30 By faith the walls of Jericho fell down after they had been encircled for seven days. 31 By faith Rahab the prostitute did not perish with those who were disobedient, because she had given a friendly welcome to the spies.
32 And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets— 33 who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions, 34 quenched the power of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, were made strong out of weakness, became mighty in war, put foreign armies to flight. 35 Women received back their dead by resurrection. Some were tortured, refusing to accept release, so that they might rise again to a better life. 36 Others suffered mocking and flogging, and even chains and imprisonment. 37 They were stoned, they were sawn in two, they were killed with the sword. They went about in skins of sheep and goats, destitute, afflicted, mistreated— 38 of whom the world was not worthy—wandering about in deserts and mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth.
39 And all these, though commended through their faith, did not receive what was promised, 40 since God had provided something better for us, that apart from us they should not be made perfect.

In this passage and in the rest of the chapter, we read of those who through faith not only saw the amazing hand of God in miraculous power, but of those who went through great pain and hardship. In BOTH cases they proved their faith. In both good times and hard times – their faith sustained them, or rather, the Lord Himself sustained them through faith. This is true for us also. Nothing can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord (Romans 8). Nothing!

For the men and women we read of in Hebrews 11, their race is over. They ran their race in their generation. They are now off the world’s stage but can still inspire us by their testimony as we run ours.

The next words in Hebrews speak of the need for endurance in the race set before each of us. Inspired by the testimony of these men and women, we are to look NOT to these men and women of faith, but to the Lord who sustained them – “looking to Jesus” the Scripture says. When we come to the end of earthly hope, there is Jesus, and He is hope personified…. He is the source of our strength, our faith and our hope.

Heb. 12:1 Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses (the witnesses being the men and women we have just read about in the previous chapter), let us also lay aside every weight, and sin which clings so closely, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, looking to Jesus, the founder and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is seated at the right hand of the throne of God.

There are so many twists and turns in the road of life; some of them become delightful blessings, while others are so painful and difficult. And yet, God is Sovereign over all and He is worthy of our complete trust whatever He has decreed for us.

My prayer is that 2021 will be a year truly blessed of the Lord for you.

Anti-Christ Suspects

Article: “It’s Time for a Great Eschatology Reset” by Gary DeMar (original source – https://americanvision.org/posts/it-s-time-for-a-great-eschatology-reset/)

It all started with comments that Grace Community Church Pastor John MacArthur made where he warned that “today’s world is ‘perfectly suited for the Antichrist to come’ amid the chaos and ‘lawlessness’ stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.”

MacArthur went on to say:

Now we are a global world. And that is a setup that we’ve been waiting for through redemptive history since the Lord promised that there would come, in the future, an Antichrist who would have a global government.

The person who referenced the article wrote, “For Pete’s sake.” I have to agree. It seems that every time the world is about to fall apart (plagues, influenza, world wars), it’s time to dust off the prophecy charts and change the names and dates to fit the latest headlines.

Charles Wesley Ewing, writing in 1983, paints a clear historical picture of how prophetic interpretation based on current events turns to confusion, uncertainty, and in some people unbelief when it comes to predicting an end that disappoints:

In 1934, Benito Mussolini sent his black-shirted Fascists down into defenseless Ethiopia and preachers all over the country got up in their pulpits and preached spellbinding sermons that had their congregations bulging at the eyes in astonishment about “Mussolini, the Anti-Christ,” and to prove their point they quoted from Daniel 11:43, which says, ‘And the Ethiopians shall be at his steps.’ Later, Benito, whimpering, was [shot and later] hung by his own countrymen, and preachers all over America had to toss their sermons into the scrap basket as unscriptural. (Charles Wesley Ewing, “The Comedy of Errors,” The Kingdom Digest (July 1983), 45.)

Ewing goes on to mention how Hitler’s storm troopers took Czechoslovakia, Poland, France, North Africa, and set up concentration camps where millions of Jews were killed in what has become the modern-day definition of “holocaust.” Once again, preachers ascended their pulpits and linked these events to Bible prophecy and assured the church-going public that Hitler was the antichrist and the rapture was just around the next bend. When the allies routed the Nazis and drove them out, sermons were once again tossed out or filed away to be revised at some future date hoping people’s memories would fade.

The next end-time-antichrist candidate was Joseph Stalin, the leader of godless Communism, a movement hell-bent on conquering the world. “But on March 5, 1953, Stalin had a brain hemorrhage and preachers all over America had to make another trip to the waste basket.” (Ewing, “The Comedy of Errors,” 45–46.)

One person objected to the criticism of MacArthur’s comments about the antichrist and the end times:

I see nothing wrong with this statement. The church has believed in the return of a literal antichrist, during a time of worldwide trouble, since before the time of Ireneaus.

And that, my friends, is the problem. Prophecy enthusiasts have been claiming for nearly 2000 years — “since before the time of Irenaeus” (c. 130–c. 202) — that events in their day were signs that the antichrist was about to come. It’s obvious as we near the end of the first quarter of the 21st century that they were wrong.

All a person has to do to see how many times the antichrist has been the topic of discussion in history is to read Francis X. Gumerlock’s book The Day and the Hour: Christianity’s Perennial Fascination with Predicting the End of the World to see that pinning the tail on the Antichrist has a long and failed history: Antichrist Suspects in the Early Church (10), Antichrist Suspects in the Middle Ages (89), Antichrist Suspects in the Sixteenth Century (115), Various Antichrist Suspects, A.D. 1600–1900 (231), and Twentieth-Century Antichrist Suspects (286).

Benjamin B. Warfield (1851–1921), Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1887 to 1921, had this to say about the modern attempt to construct a biblical antichrist from unrelated Scripture passages:

We read of Antichrist nowhere in the New Testament except in certain passages of the Epistles of John (1 John ii. 18, 22; iv. 3; 2 John 7). What is taught in these passages constituted the whole New Testament doctrine of Antichrist. It is common, it is true, to connect with this doctrine what is said by our Lord of false Christs and false prophets; by Paul the Man of Sin; by the Apocalypse of the Beasts which come up out of the deep and sea. The warrant for labeling the composite photograph thus obtained with the name of Antichrist is not very apparent. (Benjamin B. Warfield, “Antichrist,” The Expository Times, XXXII (1921), 358. Reprinted in Selected Shorter Writings of Benjamin B. Warfield — 1, ed. John E. Meeter (Nutley, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1970), 356.)

All the world’s troubles have repeatedly been dumped into the antichrist doctrine, and yet when we study the subject from Scripture, we see that the word is found only in four verses of the NT (1 John 2:18224:32 John 7), has a specific definition (related to the incarnation and nature of Jesus as the Christ) and time of appearing (“even now” meaning then, not our “now”), and that there were many of them (“many antichrists have arisen”).

It is remarkable that a word so “characteristic of the School of John” does not appear in the Apocalypse, where it might have served the writer’s purpose in more than one passage. That the conception of a personal Antichrist existed among the Christians in Asia in the first century is certain from I John ii. (Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St John: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, and Indices (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1906), lxxv.)

The definition, number, and timing of these antichrists fit the period between Pentecost and the fulfillment of what Jesus said would happen before that generation ended (Matt. 24:34). Read the book of Acts and the historical record of Josephus. (See Morrison Lee, “Jesus and Josephus: Prophecy Meets History. All the Signs of Matthew 24 Fulfilled in the First Century.”) David Chilton’s Paradise Restored has a handy abridgment of the events surrounding Jerusalem’s destruction.

As the New Testament makes clear, apostasy was rampant almost from the church’s inception. The apostasy about which John wrote was operating in his day. Paul had to counter a “different gospel” that was “contrary” to what he had preached (Gal. 1:6–9). He had to battle “false brethren” (2:4, 11–21; 3:1–3; 5:1–12). He warned the Ephesian church leadership that “men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them” (Acts 20:28–30). There would be wolves among the sheep (20:29). Theological insurrection came from within the Christian community.

Many people prior to Jerusalem’s destruction in AD 70 questioned and disputed basic Christian doctrines like the resurrection (2 Tim. 2:18). Some even claimed that the resurrection was an impossibility (1 Cor. 15:12). Strange doctrines were taught. Some “Christians” prohibited marriage (1 Tim. 4:1–3). Others denied the validity of God’s good creation (Col. 2:818–23). The apostles found themselves defending the faith against numerous false teachers and “false apostles” (Rom. 16:17–182 Cor. 11:3–412:15Phil. 3:18–191 Tim. 1:3–72 Tim. 4:2–5). Apostasy increased to such an extent that Paul had to write letters to a young pastor who was experiencing these things firsthand (1 Tim. 1:19–206:20–212 Tim. 2:16–183:1–9134:1014–16). In addition, entire congregations fell to apostasy:

One of the last letters of the New Testament, the book of Hebrews, was written to an entire Christian community on the very brink of wholesale abandonment of Christianity. The Christian church of the first generation was not only characterized by faith and miracles; it was also characterized by increasing lawlessness, rebellion, and heresy from within the Christian community—just as Jesus foretold in Matthew 24. (David Chilton, Paradise Restored: A Biblical Theology of Dominion (Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, 1985), 108.)

The book of Revelation recounts heretical teachings that affected the churches: “evil men” (2:2), “those who call themselves apostles” but who are found to be “false” (2:6), a revival of “the teaching of Balaam” (2:14), those “who hold the teaching of the Nicolaitans” (2:15), the toleration of the “woman Jezebel … who leads” God’s “bond-servants astray, so that they commit acts of immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols” (2:20). The apostasy was alive and well on planet earth in the first century (2 Thess. 2:3).

Don’t misunderstand me. I am not dismissing the evil in the world and the potential for the success of what people are calling the Great Reset. The problem is linking all of what’s going on today to Bible prophecy. It’s been done and overdone for centuries. It’s long past time for a Great Eschatology Reset.